DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ONLINE VOTING SYSTEM

CHAPTER ONE                             

INTRODUCTION

• Background of the Study

One basic feature of democracy that cuts across all races is the act of voting. Democracy thus encourages individual freedom according to the rule of law, so that people may behave and express themselves as they choose. This not only gives people a chance to choose their leaders, but also to freely express their views on issues. In response to the1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights which puts importance on the necessity of free elections, nations aim at new and improved voting procedures which are of relevance to elections in the 21^stcentury (Salomonsen, 2005).

Voting is a method by which groups of people make decisions. These decisions could be political, social or public. Voting can also be used to choose between difficult plans of actions or to decide who is best eligible to be awarded a prize. Voting can thus be defined as a process that allows a group of individuals to choose between a numbers of options. Most voting systems are based on the concept of majority rule or plurality. For example, in an election, a candidate with a plurality receives more votes than any other candidate, but does not necessarily receive the majority of the total votes cast. With the passage of time, voting, which was mainly manual, has been influenced by Information Technology, with debates arising about the relevance or not, of computerized/online voting (Shamos, 2004; Cranor, 2011). Nevertheless, it is impossible to completely rule out the need for technology and electronic voting, with the growing number of eligible voters and manual ballot papers involved (Hunter, 2001). Smith and Clark (2005) indicate that electronic voting is the next logical step in applying online information-gathering and retrieval technologies to e-government. The choice of this project report topic evolved based on this theory. The project is to develop an Online Voting System (OVS) based on current voting procedures in Nigeria.

As it appears, information technology has become a tool for politics thus making “Electronic Republic” possible. Electronic Republic is all about e-government which simply means according to United Nations Global E-Government Readiness Report 2004 as cited in Akpan-Obong & Alozie (2016, p.15), a “programmatic” tool through which socio-economic and environmental services are rendered to the population while also fostering active participation and social inclusion. Operation of public administration has been digitalized to the extent that so many things can be achieved precisely, correctly and within a short while. Democratic politics, especially the area of election is a strong determinant of political development of a state. It is in the quest to achieve democratic government and good governance that e-voting is introduced as a credible alternative to the traditional paper voting system. The aim of e-voting is to afford the citizens of the country the opportunity to participate in the voting process from where ever they are. Online voting or E-voting is an electronic means of handling electoral matters which include voting, transmission and counting of ballots. It refers to voting using electronic means to either aid or take care of the chores of casting and counting votes. It can also involve transmission of ballots and votes via telephone, private computer network, or the internet (https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic _voting). E–voting is one of the most important aspects of e-democracy as its introduction can accommodate the political and democratic interests of citizens who are either physically challenged or are outside the shores of Nigeria.

“The first use of Internet voting for political election took place in the United States of America in 2000, with more countries subsequently beginning to conduct trials of and/or use Internet voting” (Pran &Merloe, 2007). These countries are:-“Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Estonia, the European Union, France, Germany, India, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Peru, Romania, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Venezuela, and the Philippines”. Examples of how some of these countries practice online voting are narrated below for Estonia and Arizona (USA):

1. Each Estonian citizen possesses an electronic chip-enabled national ID card which allows him/her to vote over the Internet. The ID card is inserted into a card reader which is connected to a computer. Once his/her identity is verified (using the electronic ID card as a sort of digital signature) he/she can then cast his/her vote via the Internet.
2. Arizona made transitional moves towards online voting. Each registered democrat received a personal identification number (PIN) in the mail. These citizens had the option to either cast ballots at a designated location or over the Internet at the comfort of their own home. Voters voting over the Internet were required to insert their PIN and answer two personal questions. Once all the information is verified, they have the voting options.

There are basically, two main types of online voting:

1. Online voting which is physically supervised by representatives of governmental or independent electoral authorities (e.g. electronic voting machines located at polling stations).
2. Remote online voting where voting is performed within the voter’s sole influence, and is not physically supervised by representatives of governmental authorities (e.g. voting from one’s personal computer, mobile phone, television via the Internet).

This work focuses on item (b) above. The question now is, “How can one make use of mobile phones and PCs to vote, and vote credibly?” This is what this work succinctly explained in the chapters that follow.

• Statement of Problem

The great need for transparency, equal opportunity and rule of law as major tenets of democratic institutions cannot be over-emphasized. The exercise of franchise is the fulcrum on which democracy revolves. Unfortunately, anti-democratic practices such as falsification of voters’ register, under-age voting, snatching of ballot boxes, denial of voting rights to qualified physically challenged and those who live and work abroad, and deliberate falsifications of vote figures to favour a particular candidate have tremendously and irredeemably bastardized the democratic procedure. This scenario has simply placed a question on the Nigeria democracy. Worst still, political office holders that assumed leadership positions through such flawed and faulted procedure operate like hirelings, not caring about the need to work for the interest of the electorates but will concentrate on self-enrichment and that of their god fathers and cronies. The end result of this situation is further impoverishment and subjugation of already poverty-stricken citizens and further depletion of already ailing economy. Moreoften than not, the traditional paper type of voting has given rise to many intractable electoral irregularities which have marred the possibility of recording free, fair and credible election in Nigeria. These challenges and irregularities have scuttled the real essence of democratic governance. However, democratic politics can be at its meaningful best if there are measures that can ensure transparency and equal opportunity to vote and be voted for, including making provision for qualified voters irrespective of physical challenges and place of residence. Introduction of electronic voting can go a long way to take care of these challenges. Additional problems may occur with the high traffic that the servers will be experiencing on a voting day. With a high traffic of votes, the server could hang, thus compromising the success of the election. Also there is “site- jacking” where the election site would have been copied and voters would be redirected to the fake site. The original voters would not be aware of this and would think they are voting correctly. This would compromise the election as well. The multiple operations and updates of data to the several databases, coupled with the dynamic updating feature, will consume many server resources.

The above reasons justify the need to work on this subject matter -Online Voting System.

Get Full Project