The Canadian Journal of Cardiology (CJC) is an official journal of the Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) and a companion title to CJC Open and CJC Pediatric and Congential Heart Disease. The CJC is a vehicle for the international dissemination of new knowledge in cardiology and cardiovascular science, particularly serving as the major venue for Canadian cardiovascular medicine.The CJC publishes original reports of clinical and basic research relevant to cardiovascular medicine, as well as editorials, review articles, and case reports. Papers on health outcomes, policy research, ethics, medical history, and political issues affecting practice, as well as letters to the editor, are welcomed. The CJC accepts and publishes articles in the English language only. Manuscripts are received with the understanding that they are submitted solely to the Canadian Journal of Cardiology and that none of the material contained in the manuscript has been published previously or is under consideration for publication elsewhere, with the exception of abstracts. Redundant or duplicate publications will not be considered. All statements and opinions are the responsibility of the authors. The CCS reserves copyright on all published material, and reproduction of the material, even by the authors, requires written permission. With submission of a manuscript, a letter of transmittal must indicate that all authors have participated in the research and that they have reviewed and agree with the content of the article. You are also welcome to submit to the CJC’s open access companion titles, CJC Open and CJC Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease.